Stephen F. Austin Received a Grant to Settle How Many Families Along the Brazo and Colorado Rivers?

American empresario, founder of Texas, namesake of Austin, Texas

This article is about Stephen Fuller Austin, the "Begetter of Texas". For the university named after him, see Stephen F. Austin State Academy.

Stephen F. Austin
4th Secretarial assistant of State of Texas
In office October 22, 1836 – December 27, 1836
President	Sam Houston
Preceded by	William Houston Jack
Succeeded past	James Pinckney Henderson
Personal details
Born	Stephen Fuller Austin Nov 3, 1793 Wythe County, Virginia, United States, present-solar day Austinville, Virginia
Died	December 27, 1836(1836-12-27) (aged 43) West Columbia, Brazoria Canton, Commonwealth of Texas
Cause of death	Pneumonia
Nationality	American, Spanish, Mexican, Texian
Relations	Richard Austin (colonist) Nannie Webb Curtis
Parent(due south)	Moses Austin, Mary Brown Austin
Occupation	Politician, empresario
Known for	Being the "Male parent of Texas"

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836) was an American-built-in empresario. Known as the "Father of Texas" and the founder of Anglo Texas,^{[1] [2]} he led the second and, ultimately, the successful colonization of the region past bringing 300 families and their slaves from the U.s. to the tejanos region in 1825.

Born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri, Austin served in the Missouri territorial legislature earlier moving to Arkansas Territory and later Louisiana. His father, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to settle Texas. Later Moses Austin's death in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly independent state of United mexican states. Austin convinced numerous American settlers to move to Texas, and by 1825 Austin had brought the outset 300 American families into the territory. Throughout the 1820s, Austin sought to maintain expert relations with the Mexican government, and he helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion. He also helped ensure the introduction of slavery into Texas despite the attempts of the Mexican government to ban the institution. He led the initial deportment against the Karankawa people in this area.

As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation, but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. Austin led Texas forces at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving equally a commissioner to the United States. Austin ran in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston, who entered the race just two weeks earlier the ballot. Houston appointed Austin as Secretary of State for the new republic, and Austin held that position until his death in Dec 1836.

Numerous places and institutions are named in his accolade, including the capital of Texas, Austin County, Austin Bayou, Stephen F. Austin State University, Austin College, and numerous public schools.

Early years

Memorial to Stephen F. Austin in his birthplace

Stephen F. Austin was born on November 3, 1793, in the mining region of southwestern Virginia. His parents were Mary Brown Austin and Moses Austin. In 1798, his family unit moved west to the atomic number 82-mining region of present-day Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin received a sitio ^[four] from the Castilian regime for the mining site of Mine à Breton, established by French colonists. His great-not bad-grandfather, Anthony Austin (b. 1636), was the son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England), he and his wife Esther were original settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in 1749.^{[5] [ better source needed ]}

When Austin was eleven years old, his family sent him dorsum east to be educated, first at the preparatory school of Bacon Academy in Colchester, Connecticut. He studied at Transylvania Academy in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1810.^[vi] Subsequently graduation, Austin began studying to be a lawyer, reading the police force with an established firm.^[7]

At age 21, he was elected to and served in the legislature of the Missouri Territory. As a member of the territorial legislature, he was "influential in obtaining a charter for the struggling Depository financial institution of St. Louis".^[seven] Left penniless later on the Panic of 1819, Austin decided to motility south to the new Arkansas Territory.^[6] He acquired property on the south depository financial institution of the Arkansas River, in the area that would later become Petty Rock. After purchasing the belongings, he learned the area was being considered as the location for the new territorial capital, which could make his state worth a corking deal more.^[8] He made his home in Hempstead County, Arkansas. Two weeks earlier the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820, Austin alleged his candidacy for Congress. His late archway meant his name did not appear on the ballot in ii of the five counties, simply he still placed second in the field of half dozen candidates. Later, he was appointed as a guess for the First Circuit Courtroom.^[8] Over the next few months, Little Rock did become the territorial upper-case letter. Just Austin'south merits to land in the area was contested, and the courts ruled confronting him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized the government and abolished Austin's judgeship.^[8]

Austin left the territory, moving to Louisiana. He reached New Orleans in November 1820, where he met and stayed with Joseph H. Hawkins, a New Orleans lawyer and quondam Kentucky congressman. He fabricated arrangements to written report law with him.

Move to Texas

During Austin's time in Arkansas, his father traveled to Spanish Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas.^{[half dozen]} Moses Austin caught pneumonia soon subsequently returning to Missouri.^[6] He directed that his empresario grant would be taken over by his son Stephen. Although Austin was reluctant to carry on his male parent's Texas venture, he was persuaded to pursue the colonization of Texas past a letter of the alphabet from his mother, written 2 days before Moses' death.^[9] Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and departed to New Orleans to meet Spanish officials led past Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1821, when he learned of his begetter's decease. "This news has effected me very much, he was i of the most feeling and affectionate Fathers that ever lived. His faults I now say, and ever have, were non of the center."^[10]

Austin led his political party to travel 300 miles (480 km) in four weeks to San Antonio with the intent of reauthorizing his begetter's grant, arriving on Baronial 12. While in transit, they learned Mexico had alleged its independence from Espana, and Texas had become a Mexican province, rather than a Spanish territory. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with aggressive visions of the future of Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and the two adult a lasting association. Navarro, proficient in Spanish and Mexican police, assisted Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts.^[xi] In San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized past Governor Antonio María Martínez, who immune Austin to explore the Gulf Coast between San Antonio and the Brazos River to find a suitable location for a colony.^[8] As guides for the party, Manuel Becerra and 3 Aranama Indians, went with the trek.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans, announcing that land was bachelor along the Brazos and Colorado rivers.^[12] A family of a married man, wife, and two children would receive i,280 acres (520 ha) at twelve and a half cents per acre. Farmers could get 177 acres (72 ha) and ranchers 4,428 acres (ane,792 ha). In December 1821, the showtime U.Southward. colonists crossed into the granted territory past state and sea, on the Brazos River in nowadays-day Brazoria County.

Empresario

Austin's plan for an American colony was thrown into turmoil by Mexico's gaining independence from Spain in 1821. Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump congress of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of United mexican states, refused to recognize the land grant authorized past Espana. His government intended to use a full general immigration police force to regulate new settlement in Mexico. Austin traveled to Mexico City, where he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the grant to his father, as well every bit the constabulary signed by the Mexican Emperor on Jan 3, 1823.

The erstwhile royal law offered heads of families a league and a labor of land, 4,605 acres (ane,864 ha), and other inducements. It besides provided for the employment of agents, called empresarios, to promote immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for each 200 families he brought to Texas. Co-ordinate to the constabulary, immigrants were not required to pay fees to the regime. Some of the immigrants denied Austin'due south correct to charge them for services at the rate of 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[7]

When Emperor of Mexico^[13] Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in March 1823, the law was annulled once once again. In April 1823, Austin induced the congress to grant him a contract to bring 300 families into Texas. He wanted honest, difficult-working people who would make the colony a success. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administrate public lands and open them to settlement nether certain conditions. In March 1825, the legislature of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a constabulary like to the ane authorized by Iturbide. The law continued the system of empresarios, too every bit granting each married man a league of land, iv,428 acres (1,792 ha), with the stipulation that he must pay the country $30 within six years.

Austin laid merits to rich tracts of country near bays and river mouths populated past the Karankawa. The Karankawa relied on these trophy for the fish and shellfish that provided their winter poly peptide sources and thus were fiercely protective of that land.^[14] Austin wrote upon scouting the country that extermination of the Karankawa would be necessary,^[fourteen] despite the fact that his showtime run across with the tribe was friendly.^[15] He spread rumors amidst the settlers of cannibalism and extreme violence of the Karankawa, sometimes more specifically the Carancaguases. Research has suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were false, possibly acquired past confusion with another tribe, and that the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism when they learned of it being practiced past shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin'southward stories primed the colonists to believe that the Karankawa would exist incommunicable to live among^{[17] [14]} and may have contributed to the Skull Creek massacre in which an Karankawa village was razed and 19 Kawankawa Indians were killed.^[eighteen] Afterwards the massacre, Austin connected to encourage violence both against and between the Indian tribes, culminating in 1825 with his club for all Kawankawa to be pursued and killed on sight.^[19]

By late 1825, Austin had brought the kickoff 300 families to his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now known in Texas history as the One-time 3 Hundred. Austin had obtained further contracts to settle an boosted 900 families between 1825 and 1829. He had effective civil and military authority over the settlers, only he was quick to introduce a semblance of American constabulary – the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Austin organized small, informal armed groups to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers. Despite his hopes, Austin was making little money from his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for his services every bit empresario, and most of his revenues were spent on the processes of government and other public services.

During these years, Austin, a member of Louisiana Lodge No. 111 at Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, sought to establish Freemasonry in Texas. Freemasonry was well established among the educated classes of Mexican society. It had been introduced amidst the elite loyal to the House of Bourbon, and the conservatives had full control over the Guild. Past 1827, Americans living in Mexico Urban center had introduced the United States York Rite of Freemasonry every bit a liberal alternative to the established European-manner Scottish Rite.^{[20] [ page needed ]} On February 11, 1828, Austin chosen a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers and to petition the Masonic Grand Society in Mexico City for a lease to form a lodge. Austin was elected Worshipful Main of the new lodge. Although the petition reached Matamoros and was to exist forwarded to United mexican states Metropolis, zero more was heard of it. By 1828, the ruling faction in United mexican states was afraid the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of the political philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican government outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, 1828. In 1829, Austin chosen another meeting, where it was decided that it was "impolitic and imprudent, at this time, to course Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[21] [ page needed ]}

He was active in promoting trade and currying the good favor of the Mexican government, aiding them in the suppression of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards. Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the Texas Revolution. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for afterwards success."^[22] For this issue, Austin raised troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering more than than 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less acquiescent to Austin's cautious leadership, and besides, the Mexican regime was becoming less cooperative. It was concerned with the growth of the colony and the efforts of the U.Southward. regime to buy the state from them. The Mexican government had attempted to end further U.S. immigration as early on as April 1830, but Austin'due south skills gained an exemption for his colonies. He granted land to immigrants based on 640 acres (two.6 kmⁱⁱ) to the hubby, 320 to the wife, 160 for every child, and lxxx for every slave.

Slavery

Slavery was a very important consequence to Austin, ane he called "of great interest" to him.^[23] Austin was a journal slaveowner throughout his life; however, he had conflicting views about it.^{[24] [25] [26] [27]} Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against the American ideal of freedom. In practice, nevertheless, he agreed with the social, economic, and political justifications of it, and worked hard to defend and expand information technology.^[28] Despite his defense force of it, he likewise harbored concerns that the long-term effects of slavery would destroy American guild. He grew particularly concerned following Nat Turner's rebellion, stating:

"I sometimes shudder at the consequences and retrieve that a large part of America will be Santo Domingonized in 100, or 200 years. The idea of seeing such a country every bit this overrun by a slave population almost makes me weep. It is in vain to tell a North American that the white population will be destroyed some fifty or lxxx years hence by the negroes, and that his daughters volition be violated and Butchered past them." ^{[29] [thirty] [31]}

While Austin thought it would be advantageous some mean solar day for Texas to phase out of slavery, up until the Texas Revolution he worked to ensure that his colony'southward immigrants could bypass the Mexican government'southward resistance to information technology.^[32] Doing so ensured the population growth and economic development of his colony, which was primarily dependent on the monocropping of cotton and sugar.^{[33] [34] [35]} In Baronial 1825, he recommended that the land authorities allow immigrants to bring their slaves with them through 1840, with the caveat that female grandchildren of the slaves would be freed past age 15 and males by age 25.^{[36] [34] [37]} His recommendation was rejected.

In 1826, when a land committee proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent of the people in Austin's colony were slaves.^{[34] [38]} Austin'due south colonists, generally pro-slavery immigrants from the south, threatened to exit Texas if the proposition passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there.^[37] Austin conceded that the success of his colony was dependent on slavery.^{[24] [37] [39]} Without slaves, the colonists would lack the mass labor to cultivate the land, which would stall the pace of immigration needed to develop and increase the value of the land, and would deflate the economic system and motivate his colonists to exit.^{[37] [40] [41]}

Austin went earlier the legislature and pleaded that, at the least, his original 300 families should be immune to keep their slaves.^[37] He argued against the "bad religion" of freeing them, demanded reparations to slaveowners for every slave emancipated past the country, warned that the loss of slaves could go out some colonists destitute, and reasoned that freeing them would not merely go out his settlers alone in the harsh Texas surround, but would besides betrayal them to the discomfort and nuisance of living among freed slaves, who would become vagrants seeking retribution upon their old owners.^[42] While he waited for the legislature's verdict of his request, Austin went into a deep depression over the issue and sent his brother, Chocolate-brown Austin, to further lobby the legislature on his behalf.^{[32] [39]}

In March 1827, the legislature signed Article 13 into law. Despite the law complying with some of his requests, Austin called it "unconstitutional". He contested the law every bit it freed the children of slaves at birth, established a six-month grace period earlier fully emancipating all slaves in the state, and included provisions to improve the weather of slaves and transitioning freedmen.^{[43] [44] [45] [46]} Austin –– who had been and so effective in persuading the legislature, however, that the writer of Article thirteen (before its passage) requested to withdraw it –– helped his colonists evade the law by advising them to legally supplant the word "slave" with the words "workingmen," "family servants," and "laborers," and by working to pass a prescript that banned freedmen from Texas and forced emancipated slaves to piece of work for their former slaveowners until the accrued "debt" (due east.g. clothing, food), incurred for their ain enslavement, was worked off.^{[31] [45] [47]}

In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature to guarantee that slaveowners, immigrating to Texas, could legally "costless" their slaves before immigrating, and contract them into a lifetime term of indentured servitude, thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves.^[48] He lobbied to aid his colony elude Vicente Guerrero's 1829 attempt to legally emancipate slaves in the province, and to bypass the authorities's attempt to prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, 1830.^{[35] [49] [50]} In 1830, Austin wrote that he would oppose Texas joining the The states without guarantees that he should "insist on the perpetual exclusion of slavery from this state [Texas]".^[50] In 1833, he wrote:

"Texas must be a slave country. Circumstances and unavoidable necessity compel it. It is the wish of the people at that place, and it is my duty to do all I can, prudently, in favor of it. I will do then.^[37]"

In May 1835, Austin's colonists learned that Mexico'southward tolerance for the evasions of slaveowners was drawing to a close, with its proposal of new abolition legislation.^[31] Alarmed, and with Austin imprisoned in United mexican states for pushing for independence, colonists turned confronting the Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" and a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the security of "life, liberty or property".^{[31] [51]} Resisting the touch a changed slavery policy would take on economical growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to costless the slaves and turn them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned from United mexican states, he and his colonists took upwardly artillery confronting the Mexican government. Austin later gained U.Due south. Authorities support for his revolution when he wrote to Senator Lewis F. Linn and pleaded that Santa Anna planned to "exterminate" all of the colonists and make full Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^{[31] [52] [53]}

Relations with Mexico

Marble sculpture of Stephen F. Austin (1903) by Elisabet Ney at the Texas Country Capitol

Austin'south 1836 map of Texas

Immigration controls and the introduction of tariff laws had done much to dissatisfy the colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances. Austin became involved in Mexican politics, supporting the upstart Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a compensatory reward, proclaimed at the Convention of 1832—resumption of immigration, tariff exemption, separation from Coahuila, and a new state government for Texas. Austin did not support these demands; he considered them ill-timed and tried to moderate them. When they were repeated and extended at the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City on July 18, 1833, and met with Vice President Valentín Gomez Farías. Austin did gain certain of import reforms; the immigration ban was lifted, but a separate state government was not authorized. Statehood in Mexico required a population of 80,000, and Texas had but xxx,000.

Assertive that he was pushing for Texas independence and suspect that he was trying to incite insurrection, Austin was arrested by the Mexican government in January 1834 in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned. No charges were filed against him as no courtroom would accept jurisdiction. He was moved from prison house to prison house. He was released under bond in December 1834 and required to stay in the Federal District. He was fully freed nether the general immunity in July 1835 and in August 1835 left Mexico to return to Texas via New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

In his absence, several events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna'southward centralist government. Austin took temporary command of the Texian forces during the Siege of Béxar from October 12 to December 11, 1835. Afterwards learning of the Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of 1835, an enraged Santa Anna fabricated rapid preparations for the Mexican ground forces to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began in October 1835 at Gonzales. The Republic of Texas, created past a new constitution on March 2, 1836, won independence following a cord of defeats with the dramatic turnabout victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and the capture of Santa Anna the post-obit morning time. He was then imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

In Dec 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, and William H. Wharton were appointed commissioners to the U.Southward. by the provisional regime of the commonwealth. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in New Orleans, where he received word of Santa Anna'south defeat by Sam Houston at the Boxing of San Jacinto. Austin returned to Texas to rest at Peach Point in August. On August iv, he appear his candidacy for president of Texas. Austin felt confident he could win the election until 2 weeks before the ballot, when on August 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the old settlers who are too blind to come across or understand their interest will vote for him." Houston carried East Texas, the Ruby-red River region, and most of the soldiers' votes. Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 and Henry Smith's 743 votes. Houston appointed Austin as the starting time secretary of state of the new republic; however, Austin only served approximately 2 months earlier his expiry.

Death and estate

In December 1836, Austin was in the new majuscule of Columbia (at present known every bit West Columbia) where he caught a severe cold; his status worsened. Doctors were called in but could not assist him. Austin died of pneumonia at noon on December 27, 1836. He was at the domicile of George B. McKinstry, near what is now West Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin's last words were "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you meet it in the papers?..."^[54] Upon hearing of Austin'south decease, Houston ordered an official statement proclaiming: "The Father of Texas is no more; the get-go pioneer of the wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried at Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas. In 1910 Austin's torso was reinterred at the Texas Country Cemetery in Austin. Austin never married, nor did he have whatever children. He bequeathed all his land, titles, and possessions, to his married sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

Stephen F. Austin State Office Building

• Sherman, Texas, is the home of Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is the dwelling house of Stephen F. Austin State University.^[57]
• Both Austin, Texas, and Austin Canton, Texas, are named after Stephen F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin,^[59] sponsored by The Stephen F. Austin 500, sculpted by David Adickes, with a base of 12-anxiety and a total statue height of 72-feet. The base is 2 feet taller than the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville, Texas, only the statue is 7 anxiety shorter.
• The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each country to select just 2 statues for display at the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted by German immigrant Elisabet Ney.^[sixty]
• Gulf Prairie Cemetery, his original identify of burying.^[61]
• In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma Metropolis, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Virginia, Austin'south birthplace, a monument was erected along the New River most a junction with the New River Trail Land Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the canton seat of Austin County, a large bust of Austin past sculptor David Adickes is located at the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159.

John Carter played Austin in the 1969 episode "Here Stands Bailey" of the syndicated tv set series Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor not long earlier Taylor'south own death. In the story line, the hardy, cantankerous pioneer James Briton "Brit" Bailey (Paul Set up) and his married woman, Hannah (Rosemary DeCamp), brand their final settlement in southeastern Texas after having overcome many obstacles over the years. Now they face Austin's club that they leave their country; still, Austin has a modify of heart and asks them to stay. Bailey dies with his last wish of interment standing upright facing west, hence his grave marker, "Here Stands Bailey Facing Westward".^[62]

By family

While Stephen F. Austin and his sister Emily have each been the subject of biography, they are descended from several generations of noteworthy people, including: Moses Austin (male parent—biography published by Trinity University Printing),^[63] Abia Dark-brown (grandfather), Joseph Sharp (great granddaddy), Isaac Sharp (swell, great granddaddy), Anthony Sharp (bully, great, great gramps—biography published by Stanford University Press).^[64] Appropriately, history records noteworthy social contributions in each generation of Stephen'due south family dating dorsum to the early seventeenth century. Richard Austin, a native of Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal emigrant ancestor.

See also

• James Elijah "Dark-brown" Austin, his brother
• José María Jesús Carbajal, mentored by Austin
• Peach Point Plantation, his residence
• Thomas J. Pilgrim, his friend and Castilian interpreter
• James Bryan, his brother-in-police (get-go married man to Emily)
• James Franklin Perry, his brother-in-law (2d hubby to Emily)
• List of Notable Freemasons
• O. P. Q. Messages

Notes

1. ^ Gregg Cantrell (August ane, 2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press. p. 2. ISBN0-300-09093-five. ...generations of Texans take come up to revere Austin as the Father of Texas...
2. ^ Hatch (1999), p. 43.
3. ^ Eugene C. Barker. "Stephen Fuller Austin". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Clan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
4. ^ Lonestar Text book
5. ^ Anthony Austin (1635) Austin family beginnings
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Edmondson (2000), p. 59.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Barker, Eugene C. (January 11, 2017). "Austin, Stephen F." The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Land Historical Association. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Edmondson (2000), p. 60.
9. ^ Gracy, David B, II (Dec 6, 2019). "Austin, Mary Brown". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Land Historical Association. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
10. ^ Letter from Stephen F. Austin to Maria Austin, July xiii, 1821 The Austin Papers, Volume one, Issue 1. Page 401. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
11. ^ Todish (1998), p. 107.
12. ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 61.
13. ^ Hyman, Carolyn (May 5, 2016). "Iturbide, Agustín de". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
14. ^ ^{a b c} Smith 2006, p. 127
15. ^ Himmel 1999, p. 46
16. ^ Newcomb 1961, pp. 77–78, 327
17. ^ Himmel 1999, pp. 46–47, 48=49
18. ^ Himmel 1999, pp. 48–49
19. ^ Himmel 1999, p. l
20. ^ Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Ancient Gratis & Accepted Masons in the History of Texas. College Station, TX: Brazos Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.
21. ^ Carter, Dr. James D. (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, and Influence to 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education and Service, Grand Social club of Texas, A.F. & A.Thousand.
22. ^ Bates (1956), p. 794.
23. ^ Austin, Stephen F. (August 7, 1826). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin". Alphabetic character to José Antonio Saucedo.
24. ^ ^{a b} Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale Academy Press. pp. 8–9.
25. ^ Austin, Stephen F. (May 30, 1833). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin". Letter to Wiley Martin.
26. ^ Celebrated Missourians: Moses Austin (1761–1821). State Historical Society of Missouri.
27. ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 85, 204
28. ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 9, 204.
29. ^ Barker, Eugene C. (1926). The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo-American People. University of Texas Printing. p. 201.
30. ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 189–190
31. ^ ^{a b c d e} Lack, Paul D. (Oct 1985). "Slavery and the Texas Revolution". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 89 (two): 181–202.
32. ^ ^{a b} Cantrell 2001, p. 190.
33. ^ Barker 1926, p. 204.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Cantrell 2001, p. 191.
35. ^ ^{a b} "Stephen Fuller Austin". Texas State Historical Association.
36. ^ Barker 1926, pp. 203–204.
37. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Barker, Eugene C. (July 1924). "The Influence of Slavery in the Colonization of Texas". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 28 (1): 1–33.
38. ^ "Juneteenth—the Solar day Slavery was Abolished in Texas". Texas General Land Role. June 16, 2016.
39. ^ ^{a b} Barker 1926, p. 206.
40. ^ Morritt, Robert D. (2011). "Lure of Texas". Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
41. ^ Campbell, Randolph B. (1991). An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821—1865. LSU Press. pp. 32–34.
42. ^ Barker 1926, pp. 204–206, 208.
43. ^ Barker 1926, p. 208.
44. ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 192, 203.
45. ^ ^{a b} Bugbee, Lester Yard. (September 1898). "Slavery in Early on Texas. I". Political Science Quarterly. 13 (three): 389–412. doi:10.2307/2140047. JSTOR 2140047.
46. ^ "Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas (1827)". University of Texas at Austin, Tarlton Law Library.
47. ^ Austin, J.E.B. (Oct 10, 1826). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin". Letter to Stephen F. Austin.
48. ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 204.
49. ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 85, 204.
50. ^ ^{a b} Barker, Eugene C. (July 1918). "Stephen F. Austin". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 22 (1): 1–17.
51. ^ Travis, William B. (May 21, 1835). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin". Letter of the alphabet to David G. Burnet.
52. ^ Campbell, Randolph B. (1991). An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821—1865. LSU Printing. p. 42.
53. ^ Austin, Stephen F. (May iv, 1836). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin". Letter to Senator L.F. Linn.
54. ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 364
55. ^ Hatch (1999), p. 49.
56. ^ "Austin Higher: Sherman, Texas". Austincollege.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
57. ^ "Stephen F. Austin Country University | College, Academy in Texas". Sfasu.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
58. ^ "The Official Web Site of Travis County, Usa". Co.travis.tx.us. November v, 2011. Retrieved Dec 11, 2011.
59. ^ "Stephen F Austin statue Clute 02 photo – Artichoke Vinaigrette photos at". Pbase.com. Nov 27, 2005. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
60. ^ "Texas and the U.S. Capitol Building". Texasbob.com. Retrieved Dec 11, 2011.
61. ^ "Expanse Museums and Landmarks". Gulf-prairie.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved Dec 11, 2011.
62. ^ "Here Stands Bailey on Decease Valley Days". IMDb. February 18, 1969. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
63. ^ Gracy, David B., Moses Austin: his life (Trinity University Press, 1987) ISBN 0-911536-84-ane
64. ^ Greaves, Richard L. (1998), Dublin'south merchant-Quaker: Anthony Sharp and the Community of Friends, 1643–1707, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, ISBN978-0-8047-3452-iii

References

• Barker, Eugene Campbell (1968). The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter of the Westward Movement by the Anglo-American People (second ed.). Da Capo Press.
• Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-09093-2.
• Carter, James D., Dr. (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, and Influence to 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Pedagogy and Service, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.
• Edmondson, J. R. (2000). The Alamo Story: From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBNone-55622-678-0.
• Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN978-0-7864-9162-9.
• Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (1995). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr . College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Printing. ISBN0-89096-641-9.
• Himmel, Kelly F. (1999). The conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859. Higher Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN978-0-89096-867-three.
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric to modern times . Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN0-292-78425-2.
• Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Aboriginal Free & Accustomed Masons in the History of Texas. College Station, TX: Brazos Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.
• Smith, F. Todd (2006). From Dominance to Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Near Southwest, 1786–1859. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
• Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Jump, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN978-1-57168-152-2.

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (1953). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Jean (1981). Stephen F. Austin, the Male parent of Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN978-0-585-16421-two.
• Glasscock, Sallie (1951). Dreams of an Empire: The Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas. Naylor Co.
• Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Point Plantation: The Beginning 150 Years. Texian Press. ISBN0-9630042-0-4.
• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Saga of Stephen F. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (1996). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: A Gone to Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN978-0-937460-96-ii.

External links

• Ellis P. Bean, Stephen F. Austin, hosted past the Portal to Texas History.
• Biography of Stephen F. Austin from The Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
• Austin'due south Colonization Laws, 1822 from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. I. hosted past the Portal to Texas History.

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by post created	Texas Commissioner to the United States 1835 – 1836 served aslope William H. Wharton and Co-operative T. Archer	Succeeded past unique post for support of Texas independence

Political offices
Preceded by William Houston Jack	Secretary of state of the Republic of Texas 1836	Succeeded past J. Pinckney Henderson

Preceded by role created

President of the Convention of 1832 1832

Succeeded by role abolished

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin#:~:text=As%20an%20empresario%2C%20Austin%20was,pay%20fees%20to%20the%20government.

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